Analysis and constraint methods for intra-flow contention in multi-hop paths of wireless mesh networks in mines
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摘要:
针对现有无线Mesh网络的多跳带宽无法支撑实时音视频类大通量业务的问题，分析了矿井Mesh无线多跳路径流内竞争机制，揭示了多跳带宽损失机理。指出大于6跳的多跳中继系统存在最优收敛比，具备约束多跳带宽1/n（n为链路数量）下降趋势的可能性，小于等于6跳的多跳中继系统不能约束1/n下降趋势。决定多跳中继系统存在最优收敛比的关键因素是载波侦听距离与稳定通信距离之比ΔS：当路径节点按ΔS=2均匀分布时，多跳带宽存在最优收敛比1/6；由于矿井无线传输的分界特性，ΔS≈3，导致矿井内路径节点均匀分布时的多跳带宽最优收敛比为1/8；矿井无线覆盖的不对称、不稳定特性造成节点不能均匀分布，因此模拟矿井 10 跳路径的多跳带宽最优收敛比为1/5。基于约束竞争范围的思想，提出异频分段串联混合组建链状网络的方法，在不修改Mesh协议的条件下，利用频率分割路径使流内竞争范围约束在各条路径内。实验结果表明，当无线链路数量大于10跳时，链状网络的首末带宽大于传统Mesh多跳路径的多跳带宽，同时收敛比也大于1/n，验证了该方法约束多跳带宽1/n下降趋势的可行性。
Abstract:To address the issue that the multi-hop bandwidth of existing wireless Mesh networks cannot support real-time, high-throughput services such as audio and video in mines, the intra-flow contention mechanism of multi-hop paths in mine wireless Mesh networks was analyzed, revealing the mechanism of multi-hop bandwidth degradation. It was pointed out that multi-hop relay systems with more than six hops have an optimal convergence ratio, which can potentially constrain the 1/n (n being the number of links) bandwidth degradation trend. However, systems with six or fewer hops cannot constrain this trend. The key factor determining the existence of an optimal convergence ratio is the ratio ΔS between the carrier sensing distance and the stable communication distance. When path nodes are uniformly distributed with ΔS=2, the optimal convergence ratio is 1/6. Due to the unique boundary characteristics of wireless transmission in mines, ΔS≈3, resulting in an optimal convergence ratio of 1/8 when nodes are uniformly distributed. However, the asymmetric and unstable nature of wireless coverage in mines prevents uniform node distribution. Therefore, for a 10-hop path in a simulated mine, the optimal convergence ratio is 1/5. Based on the idea of constraining the contention range, a method of constructing a chain network using frequency-division segmented serial hybrid links was proposed. Without modifying the Mesh protocol, this method constrained intra-flow contention within each path segment by splitting the path using different frequencies. Experimental results showed that when the number of wireless links exceeded ten hops, the bandwidth between the first and last nodes in the chain network was greater than the multi-hop bandwidth of traditional Mesh paths, and the convergence ratio also exceeded 1/n, validating the feasibility of the proposed method in constraining the 1/n bandwidth degradation trend.
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图 1 多跳路径共享信道冲突与流内竞争
Figure 1. Multi-hop path shared channel conflict and intra-flow competition
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图 6 矿井不对称覆盖特征下10跳路径模拟
Figure 6. Simulation of 10-hop path under asymmetric coverage characteristics in mines
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图 7 矿井不稳定覆盖特征下10跳路径模拟
Figure 7. Simulation of 10-hop path under unstable coverage characteristics in mines
表 1 10跳路径各链路竞争秩
Table 1 Competition rank of each link in the 10-hop path
链路 施加影响
的链路可施加
的冲突权重 秩 链路 施加影响
的链路可施加
的冲突权重 秩 1 2 ①，② 1.1 3.7 6 4 ① 1.0 5.7 3 ①，② 1.1 5 ① 1.0 4 ③ 1.5 7 ①，② 1.1 2 1 ① 1.0 4.7 8 ①，② 1.1 3 ①，② 1.1 9 ③ 1.5 4 ①，② 1.1 7 5 ① 1.0 5.7 5 ③ 1.5 6 ① 1.0 3 1 ① 1.0 5.7 8 ①，② 1.1 2 ① 1.0 9 ①，② 1.1 4 ①，② 1.1 10 ③ 1.5 5 ①，② 1.1 8 6 ① 1.0 4.2 6 ③ 1.5 7 ① 1.0 4 2 ① 1.0 5.7 9 ①，② 1.1 3 ① 1.0 10 ①，② 1.1 5 ①，② 1.1 9 7 ① 1.0 3.1 6 ①，② 1.1 8 ① 1.0 7 ③ 1.5 10 ①，② 1.1 5 3 ① 1.0 5.7 10 8 ① 1.0 2.0 4 ① 1.0 9 ① 1.0 6 ①，② 1.1 7 ①，② 1.1 8 ③ 1.5 注：①表示相邻链路相互干扰退避过程；②表示链路之间的同步碰撞；③表示隐藏节点导致的链路对链路的异步碰撞。 
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表 2 1～10跳路径各链路竞争秩和最优收敛比
Table 2 Competition rank and optimal convergence ratio of each link in the 1-hop to 10-hop path
链路 秩 3跳 4跳 5跳 6跳 7跳 8跳 9跳 10跳 1 2.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 2 2.1 3.2 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 3 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 4 — 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5 — — 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 6 — — — 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.7 5.7 7 — — — — 2.0 3.1 4.2 5.7 8 — — — — — 2.0 3.1 4.2 9 — — — — — — 2.0 3.1 10 — — — — — — — 2.0 最优收敛比 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
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表 3 矿井无线覆盖范围比值
Table 3 Ratio of wireless coverage range in mines
巷道类型 载波频率/GHz 无线传输损耗拟合公式 信号 覆盖距离/m ΔS ΔI 用途 强度/dBm 综采工作面 5.4 y = −9.336ln$\dfrac{x}{{\rm{m}}} $−28.33 载波侦听下界 −80 254.49 2.93 1.37 干扰下界 −73 119.56 稳定通信下界 −70 86.74 拐角 5.4 y = −9.964ln $\dfrac{x}{{\rm{m}}} $−32.341 载波侦听下界 −80 119.81 2.75 1.35 干扰下界 −73 59.04 稳定通信下界 −70 43.43 辅运巷 5.4 y = −7.597ln$\dfrac{x}{{\rm{m}}} $−24.714 载波侦听下界 −80 1 462.22 3.77 1.47 干扰下界 −73 571.65 稳定通信下界 −70 387.55 掘进巷 5.4 y = −8.393ln$\dfrac{x}{{\rm{m}}} $−24.828 载波侦听下界 −80 716.49 3.28 1.41 干扰下界 −73 309.46 稳定通信下界 −70 218.23
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表 4 矿井多跳路径链路竞争秩
Table 4 Link competition rank of multi-hop path in mines
直巷覆盖 不对称覆盖 不稳定覆盖 链路号 秩 链路号 秩 链路号 秩 1 4.7 1 4.1 1 4.1 2 5.7 2 3.2 2 3.2 3 6.7 3 5.1 3 5.1 4 7.7 4 4.2 4 4.2 5 7.7 5 6.6 5 3.6 6 7.7 6 5.7 6 4.6 7 6.2 7 3.2 7 2.1 8 5.2 8 4.2 8 3.6 9 4.2 9 4.2 9 2.0 10 3.0 10 1.0 10 1.0
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表 5 实验部署参数
Table 5 Experimental deployment parameters
实验名称 第1条路径 第2条路径 第3条路径 频率/
GHz跳数 链路带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）多跳带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）频率/
GHz跳数 链路带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）多跳带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）频率/
GHz跳数 链路带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）多跳带宽/
（Mbit·s−1）楼道实验Ⅰ 1.4 2 20 10.00 2.4 2 20 10.00 — — — — 楼道实验Ⅱ 1.4 1 20 20.00 2.4 3 20 6.66 — — — — 楼道实验Ⅲ 2.4 4 20 5.00 5.8 4 80 20.00 — — — — 巷道实验Ⅰ 2.4 4 20 5.00 5.8 4 80 20.00 1.4 1 20 20 巷道实验Ⅱ 1.4 3 20 6.66 2.4 7 20 2.85 5.8 10 80 8 1.4 3 20 6.66 2.4 7 20 2.85 5.8 5 80 16 文献实验Ⅰ 2.4 10 54 5.40 — — — — — — — — 2.4 15 54 3.60 — — — — — — — — 文献实验Ⅱ 2.4 15 56 3.73 — — — — — — — —
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表 6 实测链状网络首末传输速率及抖动范围
Table 6 Measured end-to-end transmission rate and jitter range of the chain network
实验名称 端到端方向 总跳数 理论带宽Ⅰ/
（Mbit·s−1）理论带宽Ⅱ/
（Mbit·s−1）实测首末速率/
（Mbit·s−1）首末速率抖动/
（Mbit·s−1）首末速率
对应收敛比楼道实验Ⅰ A3→C1 4 5.00 10.00 5.1 4.70～5.90 1/3.9 楼道实验Ⅱ A4→C1 4 5.00 6.60 4.2 2.70～5.90 1/4.6 楼道实验Ⅲ B5→A1 8 2.50～10.00 5.00 4.9 2.70～7.30 1/7.4～1/10.8 巷道实验Ⅰ C2→A1 9 2.20～8.80 5.00 5.1 4.20～6.00 1/4.7～1/13.3 巷道实验Ⅱ B1→C1 15 1.30～5.30 2.85 4.5 3.15～6.90 1/6.3～1/11.5 B6→C1 20 1.00～4.00 2.85 4.4 3.80～5.70 1/5.2～1/14.0 文献实验Ⅰ — 10 5.40 — 1.4 — 1/38.5 — 15 3.60 — 0.6 — 1/90.0 文献实验Ⅱ — 15 3.73 — 2.0 — 1/28.0
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