Feasibility study and optimal coal drawing process for fully mechanized caving in close-distance extra-thick coal seams
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摘要:
目前针对近距离煤层厚度变化范围较大、煤层厚度超出正常开采高度的工作面的合理放煤工艺参数研究较少。以内蒙古平庄煤业（集团）有限责任公司西露天煤矿011N1−1工作面为研究对象，开展了近距离特厚煤层综放开采可行性及合理放煤工艺研究。首先，通过理论分析计算出近距离特厚煤层上方021N2工作面开采后底板最大破坏深度为3.88 m，小于011N1−1工作面与021N2工作面之间的距离，表明对下煤层011N1−1工作面进行综放开采是可行的。然后，结合理论分析与现场实测，采用模糊数学方法量化了煤体单轴抗压强度、煤层埋深、煤层厚度、煤体裂隙发育程度、顶板级别及煤层夹矸厚度对顶煤冒放性的影响，基于隶属度函数评定011N1−1工作面顶煤冒放性为中等水平。最后，基于PFC 2D离散元颗粒流软件建立了放煤数值模型，分析了不同采放比和放煤方式对顶煤采出率的影响，发现当煤层厚度超过正常开采高度时，将工作面采放比定为1∶4.5可有效适应煤层厚度变化，此时对顶煤采出率的影响较小，且采用三轮放煤工艺可有效提高顶煤采出率。现场放煤效果表明，优化放煤工艺后，随着煤层厚度的增大，增大采放比能够较好地适应地质条件变化，显著提高工作面顶煤采出量。
Abstract:Research on optimal coal drawing parameters for working faces with significant variation in seam thickness, where the thickness exceeds the standard mining height in close-distance coal seams, has been limited. This study focused on the feasibility and optimal coal drawing process for fully mechanized caving in the 011N1−1 working face of the Xilutian Coal Mine, Pingzhuang Coal Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia. First, theoretical analysis determined that the maximum damage depth of the floor caused by mining in the overlying 021N2 working face was 3.88 m, which was less than the distance between the 011N1−1 and 021N2 working faces. This finding confirmed the feasibility of fully mechanized caving for the underlying 011N1−1 working face. Subsequently, using a combination of theoretical analysis and field measurements, the study employed a fuzzy mathematics method to quantify the effects of uniaxial compressive strength, seam burial depth, seam thickness, coal fracture development, roof grade, and interlayer gangue thickness on the caving characteristics of the top coal. Membership function evaluation indicated that the top coal caving tendency of the 011N1−1 working face were at a moderate level. Finally, a coal drawing numerical model was established using the PFC 2D discrete element particle flow software to analyze the effects of different cutting-to-drawing ratios and coal drawing methods on the recovery rate of the top coal. The results revealed that, when the seam thickness exceeded the standard mining height, setting the cutting-to-drawing ratio to 1∶4.5 effectively accommodated thickness variations with minimal impact on top coal recovery. Moreover, a three-cycle coal drawing process significantly improved the recovery rate. Field observations demonstrated that, after optimizing the coal drawing process, increasing the instantaneous cutting-to-drawing ratio with seam thickness better adapted to geological conditions and significantly enhanced top coal recovery in the working face.
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图 1 011N1−1工作面支架工作阻力云图
Figure 1. Cloud map of support working resistance in 011N1−1 working face
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图 2 011N1−1工作面来压强度与来压步距
Figure 2. Inbound pressure intensity and step spacing in 011N1−1 working face
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图 3 超声波在煤体中传播速度与煤体累计塑性应变关系
Figure 3. Relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity in coal and cumulative plastic strain
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图 4 超声波传播速度与工作面前方煤体距煤壁距离的关系
Figure 4. Relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and the distance of coal from working face coal wall
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图 6 放煤方案1下煤岩分界面及各支架放煤口上方放出体形态
Figure 6. Coal-rock interface and release body morphology above drawing ports for Scheme 1
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图 7 放煤方案2下煤岩分界面及各支架放煤口上方放出体形态
Figure 7. Coal-rock interface and release body morphology above drawing ports for Scheme 2
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图 8 放煤方案3下煤岩分界面及各支架放煤口上方放出体形态
Figure 8. Coal-rock interface and release body morphology above drawing ports for Scheme 3
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图 9 不同放煤方案下顶煤采出率
Figure 9. Top coal recovery rates under different coal drawing schemes
表 1 顶煤冒放性分类
Table 1 Classification of top coal caving characteristics
顶煤冒放性类别 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ F值 0～0.20 0.20～0.40 0.40～0.55 0.55～0.75 0.75～1.00 
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表 2 放煤数值模型参数
Table 2 Parameters of numerical model for coal drawing
岩性 颗粒粒径/m 弹性模量/GPa 密度/（kg·m−3） 摩擦角/（°） 法向刚度/（N·m−1） 切向刚度/（N·m−1） 摩擦因数 煤 0.08～0.12 0.36 1 371 18.21 0.36×108 0.36×108 0.8 泥岩 0.15～0.20 1.20 2 245 27.54 1.20×108 1.20×108 0.8 辉绿岩 0.25～0.30 4.48 2 660 31.17 4.48×108 4.48×108 0.8
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表 3 放煤方案
Table 3 Coal drawing schemes
方案 割煤高度/m 放煤高度/m 采放比 放煤方式 1 4.0 12.00 1∶3.0 双轮顺序 2 2.9 13.05 1∶4.5 双轮顺序 3 2.9 13.05 1∶4.5 三轮顺序
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表 4 不同采放比下顶煤采出量
Table 4 Top coal recovery under different cutting-to-drawing ratios
日期 采放比 采出量/（t·m−1） 日期 采放比 采出量/（t·m−1） 1月1日 1∶1.88 1082.50 1月8日 1∶4.11 1917.92 1月2日 1∶3.94 1854.17 1月9日 1∶4.51 2067.08 1月3日 1∶3.78 1795.83 1月10日 1∶4.42 2036.19 1月4日 1∶3.38 1645.42 1月11日 1∶4.44 2045.83 1月5日 1∶3.89 1835.00 1月12日 1∶4.59 2099.10 1月6日 1∶4.18 1946.67 1月13日 1∶2.89 1461.33 1月7日 1∶3.90 1839.17 1月14日 1∶2.89 1461.33
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