Disaster-inducing mechanism of the movement of high-position combination cantilever plate structures in non-uniform and extra-thick coal seam mining
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摘要:
非均厚特厚煤层开采会显著影响采场顶板破断结构形式，进而对工作面矿压显现造成极大影响。为了揭示甘肃某矿深部特厚煤层开采顶板大能量事件发生机理，采用数值模拟、物理模拟、钻孔探测及内部岩移监测方法，研究了非均厚特厚煤层开采顶板破断结构形式及致灾机制。结果表明：40 m累计采厚区域的裂隙发育高度远大于20 m采厚区域，导致后者上方易形成高位组合悬臂板结构，确定该结构破断运动是造成顶板灾害发生的主要原因，并得到了模拟结果的验证。根据4个地面钻孔钻进过程中的冲洗液漏失及掉钻情况，发现首采4 m厚油页岩解放层的裂隙发育高度仅为75 m，位于亚关键层2底界；煤二层20，40 m采厚区域的裂隙发育高度分别为289，504 m，大致位于亚关键层4和主关键层底界，揭示了不同采厚区域顶板采动裂隙发育差异，进一步证实了高位组合悬臂板结构的客观存在。结合ZY1地面钻孔内部岩移光纤断点高度变化与大能量事件之间的关联，明确了高位组合悬臂板破断结构运动引发采场强矿压显现的致灾机制。研究结果可为类似非均厚煤层赋存或特厚煤层分层开采条件下的工作面安全高效生产提供参考。
Abstract:The mining of non-uniform and extra-thick coal seams significantly affects the roof breaking structure in the mining field, which greatly impacts the mining pressure behavior in the working face. To reveal the mechanism behind the occurrence of large-energy events in the roof during the mining of extra-thick coal seams at a deep mine in Gansu Province, numerical simulation, physical simulation, borehole detection, and internal rock movement monitoring were used to investigate the roof breaking structure and disaster-inducing mechanism in the mining of non-uniform and extra-thick coal seams. The results showed that the fracture development height in the 40 m cumulative mining thickness area was much greater than that in the 20 m mining thickness area, leading to the formation of high-position combination cantilever plate structure above the 20 m mining thickness area. It was determined that the breaking movement of the structure was the main cause of roof disasters, and this was validated by the simulation results. Based on the flushing fluid leakage and drill falling during the drilling process of four ground boreholes, it was found that the fracture development height of the first mined 4 m thick oil shale liberated seam was only 75 m, located at the bottom boundary of subordinate key stratum 2. The fracture development heights in the 20 m and 40 m mining thickness areas of the second coal seam were 289 m and 504 m, respectively, approximately located at the bottom boundary of sub-key stratum 4 and the main key stratum, revealing the differences in roof fracture development in different mining thickness areas and further confirming the objective existence of the high-position combination cantilever plate structure. By correlating the changes in the internal rock movement optical fiber measurements with large-energy events in the ZY1 ground borehole, the disaster-inducing mechanism, whereby the movement of high-position combination cantilever plate structures triggered strong mining pressure manifestation, was clarified. The research results provide reference for safe and efficient production in working faces under similar conditions of non-uniform coal seam distribution or stratified mining of extra-thick coal seam.
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【编者按】随着我国矿产资源开采逐步向深部转移，确保深部资源安全高效开采，已成为我国亟待解决的战略科技问题。针对深部环境下采动岩层运动引起的安全问题，掌握深部环境下采动岩层的运动规律，加强覆岩破坏与地压灾害智能化实时监测预警技术研究，是提升矿山灾害智能防控水平、保障深部资源安全高效开采的关键。为总结交流科研成果，进一步推动深部环境下采动灾害智能防控技术攻关，助力煤炭行业高质量发展，《工矿自动化》编辑部特邀中国矿业大学朱卫兵教授、中国矿业大学（北京）杨胜利教授担任客座主编，中煤科工开采研究院潘俊锋研究员、西安科技大学解盘石教授担任客座副主编，于2024年第12期组织出版“深部开采覆岩破坏与地压灾害多源信息监测及预警技术”专题。在专题刊出之际，衷心感谢各位专家学者的大力支持！
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图 1 6125−1工作面与邻近工作面位置关系
Figure 1. The relationship between the position of 6125-1 working face and the adjacent working face
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图 4 煤二层工作面不同采高下垂直位移云图
Figure 4. Vertical displacement cloud map of the second coal seam working face at different mining heights
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图 5 非均厚开采条件下采场垂直应力分布曲线
Figure 5. Vertical stress distribution curves of stope under non-uniform thickness mining conditions
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图 7 非均厚特厚煤层工作面开采过程
Figure 7. The mining process of working face of the non-uniform thickness and extra-thick coal seam
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图 8 非均厚特厚煤层开采顶板破断结构演化素描图
Figure 8. Sketch of the top roof breakage structure evolution in non-uniform thickness and extra-thick seam mining
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图 10 1号和3号压力薄膜应力变化
Figure 10. Changes in the stress values of pressure films No.1 and No.3
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图 11 各分布式压力薄膜应力变化曲线
Figure 11. The stress variation curves of each distributed pressure film
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图 12 非均厚开采顶板破断结构模型
Figure 12. Fracture structure model of non-uniform thickness mining roof
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图 13 非均厚特厚煤层开采覆岩结构
Figure 13. Overburden structure of non-uniform thickness and extra-thick coal seam
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图 14 ZY1内部岩移钻孔地面监测装备
Figure 14. Surface monitoring equipment of ZY1 internal rock moving borehole
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图 16 不同时段ZY1钻孔分布式光纤微应变与大能量事件变化
Figure 16. The change of distributed fiber microstrain in ZY1 borehole and large energy events
表 1 数值模拟岩层岩性参数
Table 1 Numerical simulation parameters of rock lithology
岩性 密度/
（kg·m−3）体积模
量/GPa剪切模
量/GPa黏聚力/
MPa内摩擦
角/（˚）抗拉强
度/MPa松散层 2400 2.40 2.10 3.5 30 2.8 粉砂岩 2600 8.50 5.50 9.0 42 8.5 细砂岩 2550 8.20 5.20 10.0 45 7.5 中砂岩 2500 7.80 5.50 8.5 42 6.5 泥岩 2200 4.20 3.80 4.8 36 5.0 砂质泥岩 2300 4.20 3.70 4.5 36 5.2 油页岩 2450 3.50 3.70 6.8 40 2.5 煤二层 1400 2.20 1.20 3.5 35 1.7 
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表 2 物理相似材料配比参数
Table 2 Physical simulation material ratio parameters
序号 岩性 配比号 厚度/cm 累计采厚/cm 1 软岩 673 5 170 2 PKS 437 9 165 3 软岩 673 16 156 4 KS6 773 13 140 5 软岩 673 1 127 6 KS5 773 7 126 7 软岩 673 15 119 8 KS4 455 10 104 9 软岩 673 15 94 10 KS3 455 6 79 11 软岩 673 22 73 12 KS2 455 8 51 13 软岩 673 10 43 14 KS1 455 9 33 15 软岩 673 3.5 24 16 油页岩 773 1 20.5 17 软岩 673 3.5 19.5 18 煤层 773 6～11 16 19 底板 673 5 5
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