Design of high-resolution electrical monitoring system for mining
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摘要: 电阻率法是煤矿水害潜在风险判别、监测和预警的重要手段,也是矿井地质信息透明化的重要数据来源。进行井下电法监测时,单一的单巷电剖面法或双巷电透视法对富水区定位精度不高。此外,由于大规模电气设备产生的电磁干扰越来越强,传统的电法监测设备难以取得有效数据。针对上述问题,设计了一种矿用高分辨电法监测系统,该系统可在采动过程中实时进行单巷电剖面法及双巷电透视法数据的自动采集,并利用2种观测数据进行约束反演成像,提升了低阻异常体的成像分辨率。设计了二级放大及工频滤波电路,在进行电剖面和电透视数据采集时配置不同的采样时序、采样频率及数字滤波器,以抑制大规模电气设备对电法响应信号的干扰。性能测试结果表明,矿用高分辨电法监测系统可在噪声环境下有效分辨1 µV目标信号,在电透视模式和电剖面模式下,工频抑制比分别不低于35 dB和80 dB。水槽物理模拟试验结果表明,该系统可有效分辨在工作面倾向约为300 m时底板下60 m处大小约为10 m3的低阻异常体。测试和试验结果验证了该系统具有较强的工频干扰和随机干扰抑制能力,能够在煤矿有限的观测空间和强干扰条件下获得可靠有效的数据,提高了反演结果中异常体的成像分辨率。Abstract: The resistivity method is an important means for identifying, monitoring, and warning potential risks of coal mine water hazards, and also an important data source for transparency of mine geological information. When conducting underground electrical monitoring, the positioning precision of single roadway electrical profiling method or double roadway electrical perspective method for water rich areas is not high. In addition, due to the increasingly strong electromagnetic interference generated by large-scale electrical equipment, traditional electrical monitoring equipment is difficult to obtain effective data. In order to solve the above problems, a high-resolution electrical monitoring system for mining has been designed. The system can automatically collect data from single roadway electrical profile method and double roadway electrical perspective method in real-time during the mining process. The system uses two types of observation data for constrained inversion imaging, improving the imaging resolution of low resistance anomalous bodies. A two-stage amplification and power frequency filtering circuit is designed to configure different sampling timing, sampling frequency, and digital filters during the collection of electrical profile and perspective data. It will suppress the interference of large-scale electrical equipment on electrical response signals. The performance test results show that the high-resolution electrical monitoring system for mining can effectively distinguish 1 µV target signal in noisy environments. The power frequency suppression ratio is not less than 35 dB and 80 dB in the electric perspective mode and electric profile mode, respectively. The results of the physical simulation test in the water tank indicate that the system can effectively distinguish low resistance anomalous bodies with a size of approximately 10 m3 at a depth of 60 meters below the floor when the working face is inclined towards about 300 meters. The test and experimental results have verified that the system has strong power frequency interference and random interference suppression capabilities. The system can obtain reliable and effective data under limited observation space and strong interference conditions in coal mines, improving the imaging resolution of abnormal bodies in inversion results.
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0. 引言
碎软煤层具有煤体强度低、渗透性差、瓦斯含量高等特点,煤层开采过程中瓦斯灾害严重且治理难度大[1]。我国碎软煤层较为发育,对于碎软煤与瓦斯突出(简称突出)煤层在开采过程中的瓦斯灾害治理多采用底板穿层钻孔、顺层短孔抽采方式,或辅以水力化增透措施[2-7]。底板穿层钻孔抽采煤层瓦斯存在岩巷掘进工程量大、治理周期长、钻孔揭煤段短、抽采治理效果受限等问题,无法实现碎软突出煤层瓦斯大区域高效抽采治理。碎软突出煤层瓦斯顺层短孔抽采方式存在成孔性差、抽采钻孔短、抽采区域小等问题。针对该问题,文献[8-9]提出了梳状定向孔钻进抽采碎软煤层瓦斯技术,借助围岩解决碎软煤层区域抽采钻进难题。文献[10-15]研究了围岩梳状定向长钻孔分段压裂技术,并在阳泉、韩城等典型碎软突出煤层矿区进行了工程应用,实现了碎软突出煤层瓦斯大区域治理。但碎软煤层一般含有大量煤粉颗粒,梳状定向长钻孔钻进揭露煤层或分段压裂施工过程中,均会有大量煤粉颗粒涌出,影响施工安全;前期压裂液均为清水,卸压后裂缝存在不同程度闭合,制约了压裂增透效果。在地面煤层气领域,文献[16-18]开发了水平井顶板加砂分段压裂技术,并在淮北、晋城等典型碎软突出煤层矿区取得了较好的工程应用效果,成为碎软煤层地面煤层气高效开发的关键技术。
基于煤矿井下碎软煤层围岩定向钻探、水力压裂增透技术已有成果,借鉴地面煤层气水平井顶板加砂分段压裂思路,本文提出煤矿井下碎软煤层顶板加砂分段压裂瓦斯高效抽采技术。煤矿井下压裂泵组排量、压力、携砂能力等均比地面小,压裂能否取得预期效果,国内外没有可供借鉴的经验。从含煤地层煤岩力学和地应力特征差异分析、煤岩层水力加砂压裂数值模拟、典型矿区工程实践等方面对该技术进行探索研究,以期为我国煤矿井下碎软煤层瓦斯大区域高效抽采治理提供新思路。
1. 井下碎软煤层顶板加砂分段压裂瓦斯高效抽采思路提出
压裂裂缝的扩展、延伸与煤岩层脆性指数紧密相关,脆性指数高,则易形成长缝、复杂缝[19]。煤岩层脆性指数由其弹性模量和泊松比共同决定,高弹性模量、低泊松比煤岩层的脆性指数相对较高。典型碎软突出矿区煤层及其顶底板岩层力学参数及地应力见表1。可看出顶板岩层弹性模量为2.36~26.00 GPa,碎软煤层弹性模量为0.7~7.2 GPa,顶板岩层弹性模量为煤层的2.56~6.71倍;顶板岩层泊松比为0.13~0.32,碎软煤层泊松比为0.27~0.40,顶板岩层泊松比为煤层的0.48~0.84倍。相对于碎软煤层,顶板呈现高弹性模量、低泊松比特性,表明岩层具有相对较高的脆性。另外,各矿区煤岩层均以垂向应力为最大主应力,煤层最小水平主应力比其顶板小1.07~1.62 MPa。
表 1 典型碎软煤层矿区煤层与顶底板岩层力学参数及地应力Table 1. Mechanics parameters and in-situ stress of coal, roof rock and floor rock in typical broken and soft coal seam mines矿区及
煤层煤岩类型 埋深/m 厚度/m 弹性模量
/GPa泊松比 最小水平
主应力/MPa最大主应力(垂向应力)/MPa 淮北矿区
8号煤砂质泥岩(顶板) 724.90 4.30 26.00 0.27 8.97 16.95 8号煤层 730.30 10.20 7.20 0.40 7.81 17.09 砂质泥岩(底板) 740.50 0.80 19.50 0.30 10.23 17.17 淮南矿区
13号煤砂岩(顶板) 809.72 5.00 3.09 0.28 10.02 18.96 13号煤层 815.40 2.80 0.70 0.37 8.75 19.05 砂岩(底板) 820.45 4.25 4.68 0.25 11.30 19.18 焦作矿区
2号煤砂岩(顶板) 1 215.05 2.30 3.12 0.27 13.22 28.16 2号煤层 1 217.35 6.80 1.22 0.36 11.60 28.22 泥岩(底板) 1 224.15 2.50 2.02 0.28 13.37 28.37 晋城矿区
3号煤砂岩(顶板) 725.41 37.79 2.36 0.32 10.84 15.80 3号煤层 763.20 4.69 0.85 0.38 9.70 15.90 砂岩(底板) 770.40 7.20 2.52 0.29 10.54 15.80 阳泉矿区
3号煤砂岩(顶板) 508.45 7.40 14.10 0.13 6.57 12.81 3号煤层 515.85 2.10 2.10 0.27 5.50 12.88 泥岩(底板) 521.13 5.28 1.85 0.16 6.65 13.01 从煤岩层可压裂性角度看,碎软煤层脆性指数较低,若直接对其进行压裂,煤体多发生塑性变形,往往形成宽而短的压裂缝,难以形成较理想的长压裂缝网。含煤地层垂向应力一般大于最小水平主应力,在顶板岩层中压裂可形成垂直压裂缝;煤层最小水平主应力较顶板岩层小,顶板压裂缝在沿横向快速延伸的同时,也沿地应力梯度降低方向延伸,从而穿入煤层;在连续泵注条件下,顶板压裂缝不断横向扩展,产生撕裂拉扯作用,在碎软煤层中形成长压裂缝[16,20]。因此,间接压裂碎软煤层顶板较直接压裂更能形成沟通范围广、泄流面积大的压裂缝。
基于上述分析,提出井下碎软煤层顶板加砂分段压裂瓦斯高效抽采思路,如图1所示。借助煤层顶板岩层高弹性模量、低泊松比等特性,以及钻探易成孔、压裂易成缝等优势,应用定向钻进装备在煤层顶板稳定岩层中施工定向长钻孔,钻孔与煤层距离一般小于10 m。定向长钻孔施工完毕后,采用井下压裂泵组和分段压裂工具对钻孔由里向外逐段携砂压裂,压裂完毕后形成一个以定向长钻孔将岩层完全联通、煤岩层中压裂缝网将煤层充分沟通的多级缝网。压裂过程中进入裂隙系统的支撑剂可有效保障缝网处于开启状态,保持裂隙有效联通。钻孔连接抽采管路系统后,在负压和浓度差的双重作用下,煤层瓦斯沿压裂缝网迅速移动,进入定向长钻孔被抽出煤层,实现碎软煤层瓦斯顶板定向长钻孔大区域高效抽采。
2. 煤层及顶板水力加砂压裂数值模拟
2.1 压裂地质模型建立
根据井下碎软煤层顶板加砂分段压裂瓦斯高效抽采思路,以山西新景矿煤业有限责任公司(以下称新景煤矿)保安区某工作面3号煤层为例,根据该工作面煤层与顶底板岩层力学参数和地应力(表1),建立了“顶板−煤层−底板”煤层及顶板水力加砂压裂地质模型,如图2所示。对模型作出以下假设:① 煤层及其顶底板均为各向同性体,且煤层及其顶底板间胶结面完好。② 模型地应力符合研究区地应力特征,以垂向应力为最大主应力。③ 煤层最小水平主应力梯度小于顶底板。④ 压裂钻孔布置在距煤层2 m的顶板岩层中,走向上平行于煤层最小水平主应力方向。⑤ 钻孔内垂直向下定向喷砂射孔。
2.2 数值模拟结果及对比分析
采用FracproPT数值模拟软件对煤层和顶板水力加砂压裂进行数值模拟,参数设置见表2,对煤层和顶板压裂裂缝延展形态和铺砂情况进行定量研究。
表 2 煤层和顶板水力加砂压裂数值模拟参数Table 2. Numerical simulation parameters of hydraulic fracturing coal seam and roof with sand钻孔裸眼
段长度/m泵注排量/
(m3·min−1)前置液
体积/m3携砂液
体积/m3顶替液
体积/m3加砂量/
m3砂比/
%10 1 35 105 35 2.1 2 碎软煤层和顶板水力加砂压裂数值模拟裂缝形态分别如图3、图4所示。模拟结果表明:碎软煤层压裂缝在水平方向上的缝半长8.1 m,平均缝宽5.1 cm,支撑剂平均浓度为5.2 kg/m2;顶板压裂缝在水平方向上的缝半长28.3 m,垂直方向上的缝长10.4 m,平均缝宽2.5 cm,支撑剂平均浓度为2.3 kg/m2。顶板压裂缝在水平方向上的长度约为煤层压裂缝的3.49倍,垂向裂缝向下延伸长度大于钻孔与煤层间距,可实现煤层有效沟通;压裂支撑剂多分布于裂缝尖端部位,能够保持裂缝处于开启状态。
碎软煤层水力加砂压裂经历煤体塑性变形—压密—断裂等复杂过程,煤体塑性变形、压密过程迫使部分能量损耗,使得裂缝面尖端部位钝化,导致煤层压裂缝规模显著减小[21]。相较于碎软煤层,可认为顶板水力加砂压裂达到破断压力后,岩层直接产生断裂作用;随着缝内净压力不断增大,裂缝在水平方向大范围扩展;同时,产生的撕裂拉扯作用带动裂缝向下延伸并进入煤层,大范围沟通碎软煤层[18]。因此,碎软煤层顶板水力加砂压裂较煤层压裂产生更好的效果。
3. 工程试验
3.1 研究区地质概况
工程试验研究区位于新景煤矿某工作面,研究目标煤层为二叠系下统山西组3号煤。煤层埋深为458.9~558.2 m,煤层厚度为2.07~2.70 m,煤体结构类型以碎裂煤、碎粒煤和糜棱煤为主,煤的坚固性系数为0.3~0.8。煤层瓦斯含量为15.95 m3/t,瓦斯压力为2.60 MPa,煤层透气性系数为0.009 7 m2/(MPa2·d),钻孔瓦斯流量衰减系数为0.597 d−1。可见3号煤层是典型的碎软低渗高突煤层。3号煤层直接顶为泥岩或砂质泥岩,厚度为0.3~2.4 m;该层之上主要为中砂岩、粗砂岩和细砂岩,岩层厚度为4.7~13.8 m,平面分布较稳定。测得顶板砂岩层弹性模量为14.1 GPa,泊松比为0.13。
3.2 压裂设计及施工
为便于定向长钻孔钻探施工和分段压裂封隔器膨胀座封,选择分布较稳定且脆性指数较高的3号煤层顶板砂岩层作为加砂分段压裂定向长钻孔布置层位,钻孔与煤层距离约为5 m。设计2个顶板定向长钻孔,钻孔采用两级孔身结构,一开孔径为ϕ215 mm,下入100 m ϕ146 mm套管固孔,二开孔径为120 mm,为裸眼钻孔,钻孔长度均为609 m。2个定向长钻孔布置及分段情况如图5所示。
完成钻孔施工后,采用拖动式分段压裂工艺,对1号钻孔和2号钻孔分别按6段和10段进行加砂压裂。压裂液由清水、1%KCl及0.05%杀菌剂混合而成,压裂支撑剂选择粒径为0.4~0.6,0.6~0.8 mm的核桃壳砂。1号钻孔和2号钻孔累计压入水量分别为963.90,1 844.6 m3,使用核桃壳砂量分别为13.11,23.36 t,砂比为2.02%~2.56%。2个钻孔分段压裂施工参数见表3。
表 3 分段压裂施工参数Table 3. Construction parameters of staged fracturing钻孔 压裂
段压裂液
体积/m3压力/
MPa核桃壳砂
质量/tKCl
质量/t杀菌剂
质量/t砂比
/%1号
钻孔1 153.76 25.7~29.6 1.76 0.90 0.045 2.05 2 157.99 27.2~29.4 1.85 0.97 0.085 2.02 3 177.04 27.3~29.1 2.37 1.01 0.106 2.10 4 159.70 21.3~25.3 2.41 1.23 0.112 2.22 5 160.36 16.6~21.7 2.39 1.26 0.110 2.23 6 155.07 18.2~22.6 2.33 1.33 0.132 2.23 小计 963.92 − 13.11 6.70 0.590 − 2号
钻孔1 170.14 22.4~28.1 2.22 1.76 0.117 2.21 2 194.94 22.2~29.3 2.01 2.08 0.139 2.12 3 189.38 25.2~27.9 2.34 1.56 0.104 2.36 4 166.48 24.2~27.6 2.02 1.48 0.098 2.35 5 181.05 22.2~27.4 2.78 1.76 0.117 2.33 6 176.62 19.5~27.5 2.18 1.67 0.111 2.36 7 179.71 22.1~25.9 1.79 1.44 0.096 2.22 8 174.86 21.2~28.0 2.02 1.67 0.111 2.43 9 176.31 21.2~27.8 2.50 1.65 0.110 2.36 10 235.11 23.3~26.5 3.49 2.13 0.142 2.56 小计 1 844.60 − 23.36 17.20 1.146 − 2个钻孔典型压裂段泵注压力与排量变化曲线如图6所示。可看出在泵注排量稳定的情况下,泵注压力曲线呈现上升、下降及锯齿状波动,较好地反映了注水加砂压裂过程中煤岩层的破裂及裂缝延伸情况。
3.3 工程试验效果
压裂施工完成后,采用示踪剂、孔内瞬变电磁等方法对2个钻孔压裂影响范围进行考察,测得2个钻孔压裂影响半径为20~38 m。压裂钻孔连接抽采管路后进行瓦斯抽采,统计100 d瓦斯抽采监测数据,得1号钻孔抽采瓦斯纯量为1 025.11 m3/d,2号钻孔抽采瓦斯纯量为2 810.60 m3/d。2个压裂钻孔百米瓦斯抽采纯量为同区域顺层未压裂钻孔的5.6~15.4倍,由此验证了顶板加砂分段压裂显著提升了碎软煤层瓦斯抽采效果。
4. 结论
(1) 统计分析了典型碎软煤层矿区煤层与顶底板岩层力学参数和地应力特征,可知顶板岩层弹性模量为碎软煤层的2.56~6.71倍,泊松比为煤层的0.48~0.84倍,含煤地层以垂向应力为最大主应力,煤层最小水平主应力比顶板小1~3 MPa。统计结果显示顶板岩层具有高弹性模量、低泊松比特征,较碎软煤层更易压裂改造,分析认为压裂碎软煤层顶板较压裂煤层效果更好。
(2) 建立了新景煤矿井下碎软煤层和顶板水力加砂压裂数值模拟地质模型,采用FracproPT数值模拟软件分别对煤层及顶板进行压裂模拟。模拟结果表明,顶板压裂裂缝在垂直方向上主要向煤层方向延伸,在水平方向上压裂缝长为煤层压裂缝长的3.49倍,碎软煤层间接压裂顶板较直接压裂煤层产生更好的压裂效果。
(3) 在新景煤矿某工作面3号煤层完成2个井下碎软煤层顶板加砂分段压裂瓦斯抽采钻孔工程应用试验。钻孔长度均为609 m,分别按照6段和10段压裂,单孔压入水量分别为963.90,1 844.6 m3,加核桃壳砂量分别为13.11,23.36 t。测得2个钻孔的压裂影响半径为20~38 m,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量分别为1 025.11,2 810.60 m3/d,百米钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量为同区域顺层未压裂钻孔的5.6~15.4倍。
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表 1 不同采样频率下50 Hz工频抑制比
Table 1 50 Hz power frequency suppression ratio at different sampling frequencies
采样频率/Hz 工频抑制比/dB 1 200 37.39 2 400 37.41 4 800 37.38 7 200 37.39 14 400 37.41 -
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