Abstract: Due to differences in geological occurrence and mining layout, the mechanism of rock burst requires targeted research based on specific mine and working face conditions. Taking the No. 12240 working face of Gengcun Coal Mine, Henan Dayou Energy Co., Ltd. as the research object, this study investigated the influence of the overlying hard roofs on rock bursts from the perspectives of microseismic energy events, dynamic–static load superposition in front of the working face, and online stress monitoring of hard roofs. The temporal and spatial patterns of hard roof instability were identified based on the distribution characteristics of microseismic energy events. A mechanical model of the front abutment pressure under full mining conditions was established, and a dynamic–static load coupling analysis method based on the energy superposition principle was proposed to calculate the total energy transmitted from the fractured hard rock strata to the working face. An online monitoring scheme for hard rock layer activity was also developed, and the dynamic stress evolution of the coal rock mass during mining was quantitatively revealed using cable-bolt monitoring data. The results show that the combined failure of the low-position hard layer, the first middle-position hard layer, and the second middle-position hard layer transmitted a total superimposed energy of 1.22 × 10⁴ J to the working face, which significantly exceeds the critical rock-burst energy threshold of Gengcun Coal Mine. Cable-bolt monitoring data indicated a pronounced abnormal increase in stress within the 132–143 m range ahead of the cut-hole, which strongly correlated with the spatiotemporal evolution of microseismic energy events and was identified as the main trigger of rock bursts. Based on the dynamic stress-response characteristics of the cable bolts, the coal rock mass activity in front of the working face during advancement was divided into three typical stages: the slow-influence stage, the significant-influence stage, and the rapid-decline stage.