Power distribution control of hybrid energy storage system for mining electric locomotives
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摘要:
单一蓄电池供电的矿用电机车存在续航里程不足、充电时间长、重载启动困难等问题，导致运行效率低，难以满足安全性与稳定性要求。提出在矿用电机车上采用铅酸蓄电池与超级电容的混合储能技术，设计了矿用电机车混合储能系统，以满足重载启动时高瞬时功率要求，增加续航时间。针对混合储能系统中储能元件的功率分配问题，通过仿真分析低通滤波与小波分解的优缺点，设计了低通滤波与小波分解相结合的功率分解方法，从矿用电机车总负载功率中分解出高低频分量；再根据储能元件的荷电状态（SOC），引入动态协调机制，对储能元件功率分配进行二次调控，得到蓄电池和超级电容的目标功率。仿真结果表明：应用组合分解方法得到的矿用电机车总负载功率的低频分量与原始功率的吻合度较高，瞬态响应性能优越；基于SOC的二次调控策略可动态调整混合储能系统的功率分配，减少了超级电容放电次数，增加了超级电容有效放电时间，使蓄电池稳定放电。
Abstract:Mining electric locomotives powered by a single battery face issues such as insufficient driving range, long charging times, and difficulty starting under heavy load, resulting in low operational efficiency and failing to meet safety and stability requirements. This paper proposed the use of hybrid energy storage technology combining lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors on mining electric locomotives and designed a hybrid energy storage system to meet the high instantaneous power demands during heavy load starts and to extend the driving range. To address the power distribution problem of energy storage components in the hybrid system, a power decomposition method combining low-pass filtering and wavelet decomposition was designed after simulation analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. This method decomposed the total load power of the mining electric locomotive into high- and low-frequency components. Then, based on the State of Charge (SOC) of the energy storage components, a dynamic coordination mechanism was introduced for secondary adjustment of power distribution, obtaining the target power for the battery and supercapacitor. Simulation results showed that the low-frequency component of the total load power obtained by the combined decomposition method closely matched the original power, demonstrating superior transient response performance. The SOC-based secondary adjustment strategy could dynamically regulate power distribution in the hybrid energy storage system, reducing the discharge frequency of the supercapacitor, extending its effective discharge time, and stabilizing battery discharge.
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图 1 矿用电机车混合储能系统结构
Figure 1. Structure of hybrid energy storage system for mining electric locomotives
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图 2 矿用电机车混合储能系统功率分配控制原理
Figure 2. Power distribution control principle for hybrid energy storage system in mining electric locomotives
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图 7 3种负载功率分解方法的运算时间对比
Figure 7. Comparison of computation time for three load power decomposition methods
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图 10 常规工况下储能元件SOC变化曲线
Figure 10. SOC variation curves of energy storage components under normal operating conditions
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图 11 超级电容低电量工况下储能元件SOC变化曲线
Figure 11. SOC variation curves of energy storage components under low power conditions of supercapacitors
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图 12 蓄电池低电量工况下储能元件SOC变化曲线
Figure 12. SOC variation curves of energy storage components under low battery power conditions
表 1 混合储能系统功率分配二次调控策略
Table 1 Secondary regulation strategy for power allocation in hybrid energy storage systems
工况 Cbat Csc 功率分配模式 关键操作 常规工况 ≥20% ≥20% 协同供电 蓄电池提供低频功率，
超级电容补偿波动超级电容
低电量≥20% ＜20% 蓄电池单独供
电+超级电容充电蓄电池全功率输出，
同时为超级电容充电蓄电池
低电量＜20% ≥20% 协同供电 蓄电池提供低频功率，
超级电容补偿波动极端低电量 ＜20% ＜20% 系统强制保护 限制车辆动力性能，
优先维持基础行驶
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表 2 仿真参数设置
Table 2 Experimental system parameter setting
参数 值 参数 值 电动机功率/kW 3 超级电容额定电压/V 96 直流母线电压/V 220 IGBT电压/V 600 蓄电池额定电压/V 220 IGBT电流/A 150 超级电容容量/F 190
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