Numerical simulation study on the pressure relief and anti-scour effects of multi-seam coal mining
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摘要:
现有多煤层开采卸压防冲研究多基于简化数值模型分析多煤层采动应力分布，难以真实反映复杂地质条件与煤层间物理力学相互作用，且对采空区与遗留煤柱叠加影响机制缺乏系统性表征。针对上述问题，以宽沟煤矿4组煤层开采为工程背景，通过数值模拟研究了多煤层采空区、遗留煤柱等复杂空间结构体对下伏煤层开采的影响，结果表明：单组煤层开采时，遗留煤柱下方有明显的应力集中，采空区下方卸压效果显著；多组煤层开采叠加影响下，多个煤层采空区边界重叠处应力集中程度进一步增大，而遗留煤柱的上下方若存在采空区，则其应力集中将显著降低，造成该遗留煤柱投影下方煤层的应力降低从而出现卸压；采空区的保护卸压和煤柱的应力集中效应随煤层间距的增加而降低。依据煤层应力集中系数划定煤层保护卸压区及应力集中区，即当煤层应力集中系数为（0，1]，（1，2]，（2，3]，（3，∞）时，分别对应卸压区或无影响区、弱影响区、中等影响区、强影响区；使用电震矢量监测仪对划定区域的电磁辐射及声发射能量进行测试，结果验证了保护卸压区及应力集中区划定的准确性。
Abstract:Existing studies on pressure relief and anti-scour in multi-seam coal mining mostly rely on simplified numerical models to analyze the mining-induced stress distribution of multiple coal seams, which makes it difficult to realistically reflect the complex geological conditions and the physical-mechanical interactions between coal seams. Moreover, there is a lack of systematic characterization of the combined influence mechanisms of goaf areas and remaining coal pillars. To address these issues, based on the engineering background of mining four coal seams in Kuangou Coal Mine, this study used numerical simulation to investigate the impact of complex spatial structures such as multi-seam goaf areas and remaining coal pillars on the mining of underlying coal seams. The results showed that: when mining a single coal seam, there was obvious stress concentration below the remaining coal pillar, and a significant pressure relief effect below the goaf area. Under the superimposed influence of mining multiple seams, the stress concentration at the overlapping boundaries of multiple goaf areas further increased. If there were goaf areas above and below the remaining coal pillar, its stress concentration significantly decreased, resulting in a stress reduction in the coal seam below the projection of the remaining pillar, thus causing pressure relief. The protective pressure relief effect of goaf areas and the stress concentration effect of coal pillars decreased as the spacing between coal seams increased. According to the coal seam stress concentration coefficient, the coal seam protection pressure relief zones and stress concentration zones were delineated: when the stress concentration coefficient was (0,1], (1,2], (2,3], and (3, ∞), they corresponded respectively to pressure relief or no influence zone, weak influence zone, moderate influence zone, and strong influence zone. Electromagnetic radiation and acoustic emission energy in the delineated areas were tested using an electroseismic vector monitoring instrument, and the results verified the accuracy of the delineated pressure relief and stress concentration zones.
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图 1 宽沟煤矿11采区各煤层工作面空间位置关系
Figure 1. Spatial relationships of working faces in multi-coal seams of 11th mining area of Kuangou Coal Mine
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图 2 宽沟煤矿各地层层位分布
Figure 2. Stratigraphic distribution of geological layers in Kuangou Coal Mine
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图 4 宽沟煤矿11采区原岩应力分布
Figure 4. Original rock stress distribution in 11th mining area of Kuangou Coal Mine
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图 6 剖面1位置B4和B2煤层开采前后应力分布（I010101工作面扩面前）
Figure 6. Stress distribution of B4 and B2 coal seams in section 1 before and after mining （in front of the expansion of I010101 working face）
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图 7 剖面2位置B4和B2煤层开采前后应力分布（I010101工作面扩面后）
Figure 7. Stress distribution of B4 and B2 coal seams in section 2 before and after mining （after the expansion of I010101 working face）
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图 8 剖面3位置B4和B2煤层开采前后应力分布（I010102工作面）
Figure 8. Stress distribution of B4 and B2 coal seams in section 3 before and after mining （I010102 working face）
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图 9 B1煤层保护卸压区及应力集中区划定结果
Figure 9. Delimitation results of pressure-relief zones and stress concentration zones in coal seam B1
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图 10 B1煤层工作面保护卸压区及应力集中区划定
Figure 10. Determination of the area affected by pressure relief and stress concentration in B1 coal seam working face protection
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图 11 I010101运输巷探测区域布置
Figure 11. Layout of detection area in I010101 transportation roadway
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图 12 I010101工作面运输巷探测区域1电磁辐射和声发射能量
Figure 12. Electromagnetic radiation and acoustic emission energy of detection area 1 in I010101 working face transportation roadway
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图 13 I010101工作面运输巷探测区域2电磁辐射和声发射能量
Figure 13. Electromagnetic radiation and acoustic emission energy of detection area 2 in I010101 working face transportation roadway
表 1 地应力测试结果
Table 1 In-situ stress test results
钻孔
编号主应力类别 主应力/MPa 方位角/（°） 倾角/（°） 1 最大主应力 12.8 183.10 −9.90 中间主应力 7.5 43.60 −77.00 最小主应力 6.8 94.50 8.30 2 最大主应力 13.9 183.70 −9.73 中间主应力 8.1 47.62 −76.61 最小主应力 7.4 95.27 9.11 
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表 2 煤岩体力学参数
Table 2 Mechanical parameters of coal and rock
岩性 密度/
（kg·m−3）体积模
量/GPa剪切模
量/GPa黏聚力/
MPa抗拉强
度/MPa内摩擦
角/（°）表土层 2 208 4.33 4.02 4.21 2.08 34 粗砂岩 2 671 6.23 6.71 6.92 3.32 36 细砂岩 2 587 8.11 8.71 9.07 4.22 34 粉砂岩 2 701 5.61 6.89 5.54 3.37 36 泥岩 2 688 5.62 6.21 6.65 2.97 35 B4−2煤 1 382 1.67 1.25 4.08 1.81 29 B4−1煤 1 377 3.25 2.88 3.81 2.05 31 B2煤 1 641 3.27 1.96 4.70 2.21 30 B1煤 1 310 1.58 0.91 3.50 1.03 33
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表 3 原岩应力求解后三向主应力数据
Table 3 Three principal stress data after solving the original rock stress
数据提取位置 最大主应力/MPa 中间主应力/MPa 最小主应力/MPa 钻孔1 13.69 10.34 7.92 钻孔2 13.71 10.34 7.94
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表 4 上覆煤层开采对B1煤层的保护卸压及应力集中作用判别准则
Table 4 Discrimination criteria for protective pressure-relief and stress concentration effect of overlying coal seam mining on B1 coal seam
保护卸压等级 煤层应力集中系数$ \delta $ 煤层的保护卸压区和应力集中区 I $ \delta $≤1 卸压区或无影响区 II 1＜$ \delta $≤2 弱影响区 III 2＜$ \delta $≤3 中等影响区 IV $ \delta $＞3 强影响区
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