Evolution characteristics of overburden structure in inclined fully mechanized caving under residual coal pillars of the upper layer
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摘要:
特厚煤层分层综放开采上下分层工作面斜交布置时，下分层综放工作面间歇性过上分层遗留区段煤柱导致覆岩破断运动及矿压显现规律复杂，围岩控制困难，制约了煤矿安全生产。以甘肃华亭煤电股份有限公司砚北煤矿250203下综放工作面为工程背景，采用物理相似模拟实验、数值计算、现场实测相结合的方法，研究了上分层遗留区段煤柱下斜交工作面综放开采覆岩运移规律及应力分布演化特征，阐明了下分层综放工作面开采扰动下上分层遗留区段煤柱失稳特征及围岩支承压力变化规律，定义了斜交工作面覆岩内场和外场，揭示了下分层综放工作面过遗留区段煤柱覆岩结构演化特征。研究结果表明：① 下分层综放工作面开采诱发上分层遗留区段煤柱失稳导致覆岩大尺度空间垮落，扰动区内顶板结构渐次演化，形成“低位倒台阶组合悬臂梁+高位大结构砌体梁”组合结构。② 在工作面距区段煤柱15 m时，区段煤柱最大垂直应力达到46.7 MPa，较下分层未开采时增大了9.9%，煤柱形变现象较为明显；工作面位于区段煤柱正下方时，区段煤柱应力集中区域呈近似“月牙状”分布。③ 随着下分层综放工作面与上覆遗留区段煤柱斜交位置变化，外场覆岩破断形态呈近似对称梯形，结构动态失稳导致内场垮落形态呈“非对称双拱”、“对称双拱”、“单拱”演化过程。研究结果对特厚煤层分层综放工作面安全开采具有指导意义。
Abstract:In the stratified fully mechanized caving of ultra-thick coal seams, the inclined layout of upper and lower caving faces leads to lower fully mechanized caving face intermittently crossing residual coal pillars of the upper layer. This results in complex overburden breakage and mine pressure behavior, posing challenges to surrounding rock control and hindering safe coal production. Based on the 250203 lower fully mechanized caving face at Yanbei Coal Mine of Gansu Huating Coal Power Co., Ltd., methods of physical similarity simulation experiments, numerical modeling, and field measurements were applied to study the overburden movement and stress distribution evolution characteristics under residual coal pillars of the upper layer during inclined fully mechanized caving. The instability characteristics of residual coal pillars of the upper layer and the variation patterns of surrounding rock support pressure under the disturbance of lower fully mechanized caving were clarified. The overburden of the inclined working face was categorized into internal and external fields, and the evolution characteristics of the overburden structure when the lower fully mechanized caving face crossed the residual coal pillars were revealed. The results showed that the mining of the lower fully mechanized caving face induced instability in residual coal pillars of the upper layer, resulting in large-scale overburden collapse. The roof structure within the disturbed zone evolved progressively into a composite structure of "low-level inverted step cantilever beams and high-level large masonry beams". When the working face was 15 m from the residual coal pillar, the maximum vertical stress of the pillar reached 46.7 MPa, an increase of 9.9% compared to the pre-mining state, with significant pillar deformation observed. When the working face was directly beneath the residual coal pillar, the stress concentration zones of the pillar displayed an approximately crescent-shaped distribution. As the inclined position of the lower fully mechanized caving face relative to the residual coal pillars changed, the overburden breakage in the external field exhibited an approximately symmetrical trapezoidal shape. The dynamic instability of the structure caused the overburden collapse in the internal field to evolve through stages of "asymmetric double arches", "symmetric double arches", and "single arch". These findings provide significant guidance for the safe mining of stratified fully mechanized caving faces in ultra-thick coal seams.
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图 2 250203下工作面与上分层采空区位置关系
Figure 2. Positional relationship between 250203 lower caving face and upper-layer goaf
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图 3 遗留区段煤柱与下分层工作面的位置关系
Figure 3. Positional relationship between residual coal pillars and lower stratified caving face
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图 5 下分层工作面推进期间围岩垂直应力特征
Figure 5. Vertical stress characteristics of surrounding rock during advancement of lower stratified caving face
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图 6 下分层工作面进遗留区段煤柱时垂直应力云图
Figure 6. Vertical stress cloud map when lower stratified caving face crossing residual coal pillars
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图 7 下分层工作面出遗留区段煤柱时垂直应力云图
Figure 7. Vertical stress cloud map when lower stratified caving face exiting residual coal pillars
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图 8 下分层工作面进出遗留区段煤柱时巷道垂直应力特征
Figure 8. Vertical stress characteristics in roadway when lower stratified caving face crossing and exiting residual coal pillars
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图 9 下分层工作面回采期间顶板破坏范围
Figure 9. Roof failure range during mining of lower stratified caving face
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图 11 上分层工作面开采完成覆岩垮落特征
Figure 11. Overburden collapse characteristics after mining of upper stratified caving face
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图 12 上分层工作面开采完成覆岩位移特征
Figure 12. Overburden displacement characteristics after mining of upper stratified caving face
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图 13 下分层工作面与遗留区段煤柱的位置关系
Figure 13. Positional relationship between lower stratified caving face and residual coal pillars
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图 14 遗留区段煤柱失稳时覆岩破断特征
Figure 14. Overburden breakage characteristics during instability of residual coal pillars
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图 15 遗留区段煤柱失稳时覆岩位移特征
Figure 15. Overburden displacement characteristics during instability of residual coal pillars
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图 16 遗留区段煤柱失稳时工作面支承压力特征
Figure 16. Support pressure characteristics during instability of residual coal pillars
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图 17 遗留区段煤柱下斜交工作面开采内外场划分
Figure 17. Division of internal and external fields in inclined longwall mining under residual coal pillars
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图 18 煤柱位于工作面不同位置时内场覆岩垮落形态特征
Figure 18. Overburden collapse characteristics of internal field with coal pillars at different positions in the working face
表 1 煤岩物理力学参数
Table 1 Physical and mechanical parameters of coal and rock
岩层 厚度/m 埋深/m 密度/（kg·m−3） 体积力/（kN·m−3） 弹性模量/MPa 内摩擦角/（°） 黄土 39.50 39.50 1600 16.00 10 15 泥岩、砾岩 169.30 178.85 2220 22.20 2790 38 砂质泥岩 46.25 225.00 2220 22.20 2790 35 砾岩 8.47 233.47 2220 22.20 2790 35 粉砂质泥岩 14.77 248.24 2530 25.30 1740 28 泥岩 14.52 262.76 2530 24.20 1400 31 细砂岩 16.45 279.21 2420 26.40 4130 26 泥质粉砂岩 7.68 286.89 2640 25.30 1740 25 粉砂质泥岩 19.68 306.57 2530 25.30 1740 26 泥质粉砂岩 14.35 320.92 2530 25.30 1740 36 中粒砂岩 36.98 356.90 2530 23.60 5200 32 3号煤层 0.88 357.78 1300 13.00 800 35 细砂岩 10.43 368.21 2640 26.40 4130 35 泥岩 2.76 372.42 2420 24.20 1400 36 粗砂岩 12.14 384.56 2410 24.10 2860 25 细砂岩 13.85 398.41 2640 26.40 4130 35 粉砂质泥岩 18.75 417.16 2530 25.30 1740 35 细砂岩 37.66 454.82 2640 26.40 4130 25 粉砂岩 18.28 473.10 2530 25.30 1740 32 粉砂质泥岩 4.50 477.60 2530 25.30 1400 32 5号煤层 33.48 507.60 1300 13.00 800 35 粗砂岩 9.12 516.72 2630 23.60 2860 35 
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表 2 物理相似模型配比
Table 2 Material ratios for physical similarity model
岩性 配比 单位煤岩层高度所需材料质量/（kg·cm−1） 河砂 石膏 大白粉 粉煤灰 泥岩、砾岩 80∶3∶7 8.53 0.32 0.75 — 砂质泥岩 80∶3∶7 8.53 0.32 0.75 — 砾岩 80∶3∶7 8.53 0.32 0.75 — 粉砂质泥岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 泥岩 45∶1∶4 8.64 0.19 0.77 — 细砂岩 70∶3∶7 8.40 0.36 0.84 — 泥质粉砂岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 粉砂质泥岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 泥质粉砂岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 中粒砂岩 45∶1∶4 8.64 0.19 0.77 — 3号煤 21∶1∶2∶21 2.69 0.13 0.26 2.69 细砂岩 70∶3∶7 8.40 0.36 0.84 — 泥岩 45∶1∶4 8.64 0.19 0.77 — 粗砂岩 40∶1∶4 8.53 0.21 0.85 — 细砂岩 70∶3∶7 8.40 0.36 0.84 — 粉砂质泥岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 细砂岩 70∶3∶7 8.40 0.36 0.84 — 粉砂岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 粉砂质泥岩 40∶2∶3 8.53 0.43 0.64 — 5号煤 21∶1∶2∶21 2.69 0.13 0.26 2.69 粗砂岩 35∶2∶3 8.40 0.48 0.72 —
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