Research on the characteristics of the falling behavior of mixed coal and gangue
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摘要: 传统的基于图像检测技术的放顶煤过程中煤流动态特性研究多侧重于某一特定阶段的图像分析，未结合全阶段的动态特性进行综合分析；现有研究较少将放顶煤过程中上覆岩层的松散区变化与放煤过程中的煤矸分离和煤流特性相结合，缺乏对放煤过程的全局性系统分析。针对上述问题，对放顶煤过程中的煤流动态特性、煤矸分离效果及上覆岩层松散区凹陷变化进行了系统研究。首先，提出了一种基于双光流网络的放顶煤过程动态分析方法。实验结果表明：不同放煤方案下，放煤速度不随放煤形式和规律的变化而改变，平均检测准确率随着放煤口数量的增多而提高，尤其在不同放煤步距阶段呈明显线性增长；顶煤放出率与平均检测准确率呈正相关关系，验证了该方法在放顶煤过程监测中的有效性。其次，利用OpenCV技术对上覆岩层松散区凹陷面积进行实验分析。结果表明，初始放煤阶段松散区凹陷面积急剧增长，随后随时间推移逐渐趋于稳定；通过凹陷面积的动态变化趋势，可有效判断顶煤的放出过程，实现透明化放煤监测。最后，结合称重实验数据，分析了放煤量、放出率与含矸率之间的关系。结果表明，初始放煤阶段纯煤放出量最大，周期放煤阶段纯煤放出量趋于稳定，含矸率则随着放煤口数量的增多而减少。该结果进一步揭示了放煤方式对煤矸分离和顶煤放出率的影响。Abstract: Traditional studies on the dynamic characteristics of coal flow during the top coal caving process, based on image detection technology, have primarily focused on specific-stage image analysis, lacking a comprehensive analysis of dynamic characteristics across all stages. Existing research has rarely integrated the changes in the loose zone of the overlying strata with coal and gangue separation and coal flow characteristics during top coal caving, resulting in a lack of systematic and holistic analysis of the entire coal caving process. In response to these issues, this study systematically investigated coal flow dynamics, coal and gangue separation effectiveness, and the subsidence of the loose zone in the overlying strata during the top coal caving. First, this paper proposed a dynamic analysis method for the top coal caving process based on a dual optical flow network. The results indicated that the coal caving speed was not affected by the caving method and pattern, and that average detection accuracy increased with the number of caving openings, exhibiting a notably linear increase during the periodic caving stage. The release rate of top coal showed a positive correlation with average detection accuracy, validating the effectiveness of the method in the top coal caving process monitoring. Second, OpenCV technology was used to conduct experimental analysis on the subsidence area of the loose zone in the overlying strata. Results demonstrated that the subsidence area grew sharply during the initial caving stage and gradually stabilized over time. The dynamic changes in the subsidence area effectively indicated the progression of top coal release, enabling transparent monitoring of release process. Finally, based on data from weighing experiments, the relationships among caving amount, release rate, and gangue content were analyzed. Results showed that the amount of pure coal release was the highest in the initial caving stage and stabilized in the periodic caving stage, while gangue content decreased as the number of caving openings increased. These findings further reveal the influence of caving methods on coal and gangue separation and the release rate of top coal.
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图 4 不同放煤方案顶煤放落监测情况
Figure 4. Monitoring of top coal falling under different coal discharge schemes
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图 5 顶煤放出率与平均准确率关系
Figure 5. Relationship between top coal release rate and average accuracy
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图 6 不同阶段顶煤松散区凹陷面
Figure 6. Surface area of the top coal in the loose state at different stages
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图 7 松散区凹陷面积变化趋势及拟合曲线
Figure 7. Trend and fitting curve of depression surface area in loose area
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图 8 不同方案在不同放煤步距下放出的纯煤量、矸石量、顶煤放出率及含矸率对比
Figure 8. Variation characteristics of the amount of pure coal released, the amount of gangue, the top coal release rate and the gangue content at different advancement degrees
表 1 4种放煤方案结果统计
Table 1 Statistics of results for four coal discharge plans
放煤方案 统计类别 初始放煤阶段 不同放煤步距阶段 1 2 3 4 5 方案1（一组一放） 顶煤放出率/% 449.92 35.06 46.39 51.52 50.56 49.81 含矸率/% 0.63 6.86 5.01 4.84 5.55 5.37 监测时间/s 18.55 12.83 10.92 10.85 9.96 11.05 平均准确率/% 72.15 78.56 76.90 76.37 77.28 77.51 平均漏检率/% 8.17 12.79 11.43 10.68 11.89 11.65 平均监测速率/（帧·s−1） 28.55 28.34 27.69 28.05 26.96 27.49 方案2（二组一放） 顶煤放出率/% 325.75 31.77 49.45 50.09 48.17 含矸率/% 0.69 6.39 4.28 4.31 4.36 监测时间/s 16.19 10.03 9.75 9.42 9.78 平均准确率/% 78.02 79.95 79.73 80.06 80.19 平均漏检率/% 8.22 12.16 10.21 10.34 10.58 平均监测速率/（帧·s−1） 26.90 27.32 27.55 28.04 28.35 方案3（三组一放） 顶煤放出率/% 247.28 32.35 41.92 48.97 含矸率/% 0.74 5.65 4.22 3.72 监测时间/s 13.67 8.54 9.03 8.87 平均准确率/% 79.93 80.29 80.94 81.09 平均漏检率/% 8.35 12.06 10.15 9.88 平均监测速率/（帧·s−1） 28.35 28.17 26.52 28.30 方案4（五组一放） 顶煤放出率/% 203.76 37.15 49.32 含矸率/% 0.64 2.93 2.27 监测时间/s 8.23 5.59 5.72 平均准确率/% 81.26 81.68 82.56 平均漏检率/% 8.19 9.29 8.89 平均监测速率/（帧·s−1） 27.66 27.92 28.13 
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表 2 不同放煤方案在不同放煤步距下的煤矸放出量
Table 2 The amount of coal gangue released under different coal discharge methods and different coal discharge steps
放煤
方案统计类别 初始放
煤阶段不同放煤步距阶段 1 2 3 4 5 方案1
（一组
一放）纯煤质量/g 20 070 1 563 2 069.4 2 298.25 2 255.43 2 221.97 矸石质量/g 126.4 115.08 109.23 114.76 132.5 119.21 放出率/% 449.92 35.06 46.39 51.52 50.56 49.81 含矸率% 0.63 6.86 5.01 4.84 5.55 5.37 方案2
（二组
一放）纯煤质量/g 22 456 2 190.8 3 408.7 3 452.98 3 320.63 矸石质量/g 156.7 149.44 152.29 155.37 151.34 放出率/% 325.75 31.77 49.45 50.09 48.17 含矸率% 0.69 6.39 4.28 4.31 4.36 方案3
（三组
一放）纯煤质量/g 23 185 2 709.7 3 511.32 4 101.84 矸石质量/g 173.65 162.33 154.78 158.36 放出率/% 247.28 32.35 41.92 48.97 含矸率% 0.74 5.65 4.22 3.72 方案4
（五组
一放）纯煤质量/g 22 971.14 4 188.2 5 560.2 矸石质量/g 146.82 126.33 128.90 放出率/% 203.76 37.15 49.32 含矸率% 0.64 2.93 2.27
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